History of cupping (Hijama): a narrative review of literature

Cupping, also known as Hijama, is an ancient therapeutic method used for centuries in traditional medicine. It is a process of creating a vacuum on the skin using cups to draw stagnant blood and toxins out of the body. The history of Hijama dates back to ancient Egypt, China, and Greece, where it was commonly used to treat a wide range of ailments. In recent years, hijama therapy has gained popularity in the world of alternative medicine and has become a popular treatment for various medical conditions. A growing body of scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of hijama therapy in treating pain, improving blood flow, and reducing inflammation.

Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cupping therapy. While the results are mixed, many studies suggest evidence that cupping therapy may be a promising treatment option for a range of medical conditions and diseases, especially when used as a complementary therapy alongside modern medicine.

Overall, the history and research behind the efficacy of cupping therapy suggest that it is a safe and effective treatment option for various health conditions. However, as with any medical treatment, it is important to consult with a physician before trying cupping therapy and to ensure that it is performed by a qualified and experienced practitioner.

Types of Cupping Therapy

Cupping therapy, or hijama, comes in different forms, with each type having unique features, risks and benefits. The four main types of cupping therapy are dry cupping, wet cupping, blood cupping, and cupping therapy.

Dry cupping is the most common form of cupping therapy. It involves placing cups on the skin and using negative pressure to create suction, which pulls the skin and underlying tissues upward. The cups can be left in place for several minutes, or the therapist may slide them over the skin to stimulate blood flow and release tension.

Blood cupping, also known as medicinal bleeding, involves making small incisions on the skin before applying the cups. This technique is believed to help remove stagnant blood and improve blood flow. This is commonly used to treat conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, and skin disorders.

Wet cupping, also known as hijama, involves physicians making small incisions on the skin before placing the cups. The suction from the cups draws out a small amount of blood, which is believed to help cleanse and cure the body of toxins and promote healing.

Overall, the cupping therapy method is a safe and effective treatment option for various health conditions. However, it is important to consult with a qualified and experienced practitioner before trying any type of cupping therapy method.

How Cupping Therapy Works

Hijama (Cupping) therapy works by creating a vacuum or suction on the skin, which pulls the underlying tissues upward. This suction effect is believed to help increase blood and lymph flow, reduce inflammation, and promote healing in the affected area.

Additionally, cupping therapy is thought to stimulate the lymphatic system, which helps to remove toxins and waste products from the body. A systematic review of the literature has shown evidence that cupping therapy can be effective in reducing pain, improving mobility, and treating various medical conditions.

Exploring the Benefits of Cupping Therapy: Improving Blood Flow, Reducing Pain and Inflammation, Boosting the Immune System, and More

Hijama (Cupping) therapy, a form of alternative medicine has been used for centuries to treat the health condition. Here are some of the benefits of cupping therapy:

Improving Blood Flow

Cupping therapy is a method believed to improve blood flow to the affected area. By creating suction, the cups pull the skin and underlying tissues upward, which can help to promote healing.

Reducing Pain and Inflammation

Cupping therapy has been found to be effective in reducing pain associated with various conditions, including back pain, neck pain, and osteoarthritis. The suction created during cupping therapy is also thought to help reduce inflammation and swelling in the affected area.

Boosting the Immune System

Hijama (Cupping) therapy is a practice believed to stimulate the immune system, which can help to fight off infections, disease and illnesses. This practice can be especially beneficial for individuals with weakened immune systems.

Promoting Relaxation and Reducing Stress

The suction created during hijama (cupping therapy) can help to promote relaxation and reduce stress levels. This practice can be beneficial for individuals who suffer from anxiety or other stress-related conditions.

Treating Respiratory Problems

Cupping therapy can be effective in treating respiratory problems such as coughs, asthma, and bronchitis. By improving blood flow and stimulating the immune system, cupping therapy can help to keep infection, promote healing and reduce symptoms.

Treating Skin Conditions

Cupping therapy has been found to be effective in treating skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and herpes zoster. The suction created during cupping therapy can help to increase blood flow to the affected area, which can promote healing and reduce inflammation.

Medical Conditions Treated with Hijama (Cupping) Therapy

Cupping therapy has been used for centuries to treat various medical conditions, including musculoskeletal conditions, digestive disorders, respiratory diseases, infections, and cardiovascular conditions. In this section, we will discuss how cupping therapy can be used to treat these conditions.

Musculoskeletal Conditions

Cupping therapy is known for its ability to treat pain and reduce inflammation in the muscles and joints. It can be used to treat a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, including:

• Back pain
• Neck pain
• Shoulder pain
• Knee pain
• Arthritis
• Fibromyalgia
• Tendinitis
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Sports injuries

Cupping therapy works by increasing blood flow to the affected area, which helps to reduce pain and inflammation. It also helps to relax the muscles and improve the range of motion.

Digestive Disorders

Cupping therapy can also be used to treat digestive disorders, such as:

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal bloating
• Gastritis

Cupping therapy is believed to work by improving digestion and reducing inflammation in the digestive tract. It can also help to relax the muscles in the abdominal area, which can relieve abdominal pain and discomfort.

Respiratory Diseases

Cupping therapy has been used to treat respiratory diseases for centuries. It can be used to treat:

• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Coughs
• Congestion
• Sinusitis

Cupping therapy works by improving blood flow to the lungs and respiratory system, which helps to reduce inflammation and promote healing. It can also help to relax the muscles around the lungs, which can improve breathing.

Cardiovascular Conditions

Cupping therapy can also be used to treat cardiovascular conditions, such as:

• High blood pressure
• Angina
• Atherosclerosis
• Varicose veins

Cupping therapy works by improving blood circulation and reducing inflammation in the blood vessels. This can help to lower blood pressure and improve overall cardiovascular health.

It’s important to note that cupping therapy should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have a medical condition, it’s important to consult with your healthcare provider before trying cupping therapy or any other alternative treatment.

Evidence-Based Research on Cupping Therapy

Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis

Systematic reviews and meta analysis are commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of cupping therapy in treating various medical conditions. While the quality of evidence varies, several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted on the topic.

One systematic review published in 2015 evaluated the effectiveness of cupping therapy for low back pain. The review included 11 randomized controlled trials and found that cupping therapy was effective in reducing pain intensity compared to conventional therapy or no treatment.

Another systematic review published in 2016 evaluated the effectiveness of cupping therapy for cancer-related pain. The review included nine randomized controlled trials and found that cupping therapy was effective in reducing pain intensity compared to usual care or no treatment.

Scientific Evidence and Research Studies

Several scientific studies have been conducted on cupping therapy, with varying results. One study published in the Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies in 2014 found that cupping therapy was effective in reducing neck pain and improving range of motion in the neck.

Another study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine in 2015 found that cupping therapy was effective in reducing the severity of postoperative pain in patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

However, not all studies have found cupping therapy to be effective. One study published in the Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2012 found that cupping therapy was not effective in treating knee osteoarthritis.

Risks and Precautions Associated with Cupping Therapy

While cupping therapy has been used for centuries and is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified practitioner, there are some risks and precautions to be aware of.

A. Infection Risk

One of the main risks associated with cupping therapy is the risk of infection. If the cups or equipment used are not properly sterilized or if the skin is not cleaned thoroughly before the procedure, there is a risk of bacterial or viral infection. To reduce the risk of infection, it is important to only receive cupping therapy from a qualified and trained practitioner who follows proper infection control procedures.

Skin Irritation and Bruising

Cupping therapy can also cause skin irritation and bruising. The suction created by the cups can cause small blood vessels in the skin to break, leading to bruising. This is a common and expected side effect of cupping therapy, and the bruises typically heal on their own within a few days to a week.

Hematoma Formation

In some cases, cupping therapy can lead to the formation of a hematoma, which is a collection of blood under the skin. Hematomas can be painful and may take several weeks to heal. To reduce the risk of hematoma formation, it is important to use the correct cupping technique and not leave the cups in place for too long.

Burns and Scarring

Cupping therapy involves the use of heat, which can increase the risk of burns and scarring. This is particularly true for fire cupping, which involves the use of a flame to heat the cups. To reduce the risk of burns and scarring, it is important to only receive cupping therapy from a qualified practitioner who uses safe and effective techniques.

Conclusion

Cupping therapy has a long history and is still commonly used in traditional and alternative medicine. It involves creating suction on the skin using cups to improve blood flow, reduce inflammation, and promote relaxation. While there is some evidence to support the use of cupping therapy for certain medical conditions, more research is needed to fully understand its effectiveness and safety.

FAQs

What is cupping therapy?

• Cupping therapy is a Middle Eastern and traditional Chinese medicine practice used to place cups at certain points on a person’s skin to treat a variety of conditions.

Is cupping therapy safe?

• While cupping therapy is generally considered safe, there are some risks and precautions to consider. These include infection risk, skin irritation and bruising, hematoma formation, and burns and scarring.

What medical conditions can cupping therapy treat?

• Cupping therapy has been used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including musculoskeletal conditions, digestive disorders, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular conditions.

Is cupping therapy a complement or alternative to modern medicine?

• Cupping therapy is often used as a complement or alternative to modern medicine. While there is some evidence to support its use, more research is needed to fully understand its effectiveness and safety.